Khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts edis university of. Empty cabinets and treat with baygon aerosol in all cracks and crevices where adults like to lay eggs. New pest response guidelines for khapra beetle phytosanitary. Dermestidae khapra beetle is a quarantine pest for canada, the united states and mexico and interceptions. The khapra beetle is one of the most destructive pests of whole grain and cereal products in warmer areas of the world, particularly north africa and the indian subcontinent. They are known as dirty feeders because they spoil more grain than they eat with shed larval and pupal skin, broken body parts and hair george and paul 2010. It is a particularly difficult insect to control with insecticides.
Ecological work in these stores and laboratory experiments. The khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts, is one of the worlds. Khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts insecta. Life cycle, morphometrics and damage assessment of the khapra beetle 7 stage by daily observation. They will fit better and perform better in tight areas. Bioassays and methodologies for insecticide tests with. Factors that make khb a significant pest voracious feeder of grains. The adult beetle is brown in color and small, between 23 millimeters long. It thrives on hot, dry conditions and has proved exceptionally difficult to control.
Dermestidae, is a serious pest of grain and other stored products through the world. Khapra beetle at center for environmental and regulatory information systems. The khapra beetle, considered to be one of the worlds most destructive pests of grain products and seeds, probably originated from regions now including india and bangladesh, but has since spread to other areas including northern and eastern africa, southern europe and the mediterranean region, the mideast, and east into asia. North american approach to prevent entry, establishment. The khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts, is one of the worlds most feared storedproduct pests. Any place in the home where you have found khapra beetles to be active. Order coleoptera family dermestidae advertisements. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license.
It is considered one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world. Burges has described the aggregation of the khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium1. Information regarding the beetles behavior in nonhuman environments is limited. The following terms refer to the various types of setae on trogoderma. The khapra beetle trogoderma granarium, a small beetle native to the indian subcontinent, is a serious pest in most parts of the world. Mating occurs 5 days after emerging from pupation and egg laying occurs right after mating. Khapra beetle is considered to be one of the worlds most destructive pests of stored food products. Many ships harbour endemic populations, larvae remaining. New insecticide treatment options would be beneficial for control programs for trogoderma granarium everts, the khapra beetle, in the united states.
National khapra beetle survey, taxonomic, and specimen routing. Infestations are difficult to control because of the insects ability to survive without food for long periods, its preference for dry conditions and lowmoisture food, and its resistance to many insecticides. Management of this insect species relies mainly on synthetic insecticides such as, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and pirimiphosmethyl kavallieratos et al. Laboratory evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi for the. Bell, in food and beverage stability and shelf life, 2011. The khapra beetle trogoderma granarium everts is one of the worlds most destructive pests of grain products and seeds. This spray will break the cycle by killing off emerging larva which will be hatching from eggs that have been laid undetected or hidden from view. The pointy end has a number of spinelike projections. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Pdf khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts coleoptera. If khapra beetle is detected in the united states, ppq personnel will produce a site.
Damage and symptoms khapra beetle causes huge grain loss and destroys stored grains in a short time. This includes garages, basements, laundry rooms and pantries. Khapra beetle as a guide when designing a program to detect, monitor, control, contain, or eradicate an infestation of this pest. In fact, it has been described as one of the 100 worst invasive species worldwide lowe et al. The insect is capable of hiding in cracks and staying in diapause for years. Insects free fulltext bioassays and methodologies for. Khapra beetle trogoderma granarium by united states. Complete development from egg to adult depends on temperature and can last anywhere from 26 to 220 days. The number of larval instars was examined and studied by direct counting of larval moults under the highpower microscope.
And once the insect buries itself inside a shipment, it. Larval and adult keys are available for the identification of species of economic importance in north america gorham, 1987, for use in the tropics haines, 1991, and for the identification of adults of the few stored. The khapra beetle wall mount trap kit contains all supplies necessary to complete a khapra beetle survey. The khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts, a serious pest of stored grains and other food products in india and elsewhere, has recently been found in 23 counties of california, arizona, and new mexico. National khapra beetle survey, taxonomic, and specimen. Trogoderma granarium everts, the khapra beetle, is one of the most destructive stored product pests of stored commodities and processed goods throughout the world. It is supposed to be a major pest of wheat in indian subcontinent and. We are adopting as a final rule, with changes, an interim rule that amended the khapra beetle regulations by adding additional regulated articles and regulated countries, updating the regulations to reflect changes in industry practices and country names that have changed since the regulations. Once identified, treatments will have to be regular and become part of their overall active integrated pest control program. The khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts hilgardia. A dermestid beetle that is a destructive pest of stored grain, especially in south asia and africa. The khapra beetle is under strict quarantine from the united states. It is unique among dermestids because the larvae feed on stored grain.
Infestations are difficult to control because of the insects ability to survive without food for long periods, its preference for dry conditions and lowmoisture food, and its. Khapra beetle is one of the most destructive stored grain pests, and infestations can destroy the quality of grain and other commodities rendering the product unfit for human consumption. Everts, the khapra beetle, became established as an introduced pest in arizona, california, mexico, and new mexico. Khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium interceptions and.
Research work revealed that stored grain pests pose serious threats to stored food commodities and cause economic losses. The state department of agriculture is conducting an eradication program against it in california. Khapra beetle definition is a dermestid beetle trogoderma granarium that is native to the indian subcontinent and is now a serious pest of stored grain in most parts of the world. Download visual reference images from our ebook page. It is supposed to be a major pest of wheat in indian subcontinent and also. Cabinet beetle infestations warehouses or grain processing plants which have cabinet beetle activity should monitor hot points and identify where the beetle is most active. Larvae also leave cast skin in the grains, reducing their marketability. The present study was carried out on the larval stage of the khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts to determine some biological effects of gamma irradiation at levels between 20 to 100 gy on various aspects of larval behaviour such as number of moults, developmental time, larval growth, starvation and mortality, pupal promptness in addition to larval density. Information regarding the beetle s behavior in nonhuman environments is limited. Identification, synthesis and biological activity of an. Dermestidae 2 by commerce into some areas of similar climatic conditions anonymous 1981.
Its mode of life helps this serious pest to survive in its niche in the granary. The khapra beetle survey performed as expected and all objectives were met. Both adult and larva cause damage to the grains by chewing a hole and eating up kernel. Khapra beetle trogoderma granarium is one of the most serious pests of stored grain products, especially under hot and dry conditions. Native to india, khapra beetle has spread to other countries in africa, the middle east, the near east, pockets of europe and eastern asia.
Khapra beetle definition of khapra beetle by merriamwebster. Insect and mite penetration and contamination of packaged foods. The number of recorded intercepts and eradications of khapra beetle trogoderma granarium have increased in australia and the united states in recent years. Khapra beetles definition of khapra beetles by the free. It can infest a wide variety of products 1,2 and larvae can enter diapause and remain in that state for years when food resources are scarce. The khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts, is a dermestid pest of stored grain from india, now established in british malt stores. Different diets affecting biology and digestive physiology. Khapra beetle and associated host material are regulated by the usda under authority of 7 cfr 319.
Dermestidae is a serious pest of stored grains and stored products groundnut, cotton. Dermestidae is a serious pest of stored grains and. It is a voracious feeder of grain products, can tolerate colder climates and is capable of hiding in cracks and staying in a diapausal state for up to six years. Maize hybrids affected nutritional physiology of the khapra beetle. Rutaceae and rhazya stricta decne apocynaceae, against larvae of. United states department of agriculture animal and plant health inspection service.
While khapra beetle is not known to occur in the u. Khapra beetle detection survey florida department of. Serious pest of stored wheat, groundnut and other grains, such as maize, rice, oat, jowar and occasionally pulses. The khapra beetle trogoderma granarium, which originated in south asia, is one of the worlds most destructive pests of grain products and seeds. Khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts coleoptera. The larva is the most destructive life stage, as the adults only live for 23. It is very resilient and can survive in stored food, packaging and transport facilities in very low numbers under difficult conditions. In this research, effect of five host diets including barley, rice, rye, wheat and walnut was studied on some of biological traits, nutritional indices and digestive enzymatic activity of t.
Publication date 1954 topics khapra beetle publisher. Young larvae feed on damaged seeds, while the older larvae feed on whole grains. Usman k, muhammad umar f, muhammad faizan a, umar n. Khapra beetle trogoderma granarium considered one of the most destructive pests that has great economic importance because of starvation capability for three years and has best survival rate at low humidity.
Small brown beetles, larvae or cast skins infesting grain, dried food and cereal products. It is a member of the dermestid family and is a voracious feeder of grain products. The eggs of the khapra beetle are cylindrical with one end more rounded and the other more pointed, about 0. Khapra beetle is a regulated quarantine pest in many countries and. Seizure of khapra beetleinfested cumin in us may bring exports down 28 mar, 2016, 08. Curr inves agri urr es volume 5 ssue 5 c opyrights usman khalique. Discard any food item suspected of harboring larval or adults. Ten newly emerged adults irrespective of sex were kept separately in a. Trogoderma granarium everts the khapra beetle is one of the most destructive pests of whole grain and cereal products in warmer areas of the world, particularly north. Seizure of khapra beetle infested cumin in us may bring exports down 28 mar, 2016, 08. For smaller areas like cabinets, try using the surface traps. The khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts coleoptera.
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